October 12, 2009

Autism: Genomewide hunt reveals new genetic links

About 90 percent of autism spectrum disorders have suspected genetic causes, but few genes have been identified so far. Now, leading an international team, Johns Hopkins researchers have identified several genetic links to autism, chief among them a variant of semaphorin 5A, whose protein product controls nerve connections in the brain.

Semaphorin 5A had already been known to help guide growing neurons to the right connecting points in the brain during fetal development. To verify that semaphorin 5A plays a role in autism, the researchers looked at brain tissue samples from the Autism Tissue Program and the Harvard Brain Bank and found the amount of the semaphorin 5A protein to be significantly reduced in autism brains compared to nonautism brains. The finding suggests that autism could result from differences in how nervous system connections are made in the brain.

Publishing Oct. 7 in Nature, the team also reports additional evidence that many rare and common genetic variants contribute to autism.

“The biggest challenge to finding the genes that contribute to autism is having a large and well-studied group of patients and their family members, both for primary discovery of genes and to test and verify the discovery candidates,” said Aravinda Chakravarti, professor of medicine, pediatrics, and molecular biology and genetics at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins. “This latest finding would not have been possible without these many research groups and consortia pooling together their patient resources. Of course, they would not have been possible without the genomic scanning technologies either.”

Using genomewide scanning technologies, the team “read” the genomes of family members among whom more than one individual was diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. In all, they studied 1,031 nuclear families and 1,553 affected children, looking at 500,000 spots in the genome—so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs—for differences that stood out in the DNA. The information was collected from two sources: the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and the National Institute of Mental Health.

Specifically, the researchers performed two types of genetic analysis to identify genes with both rare and common genetic variations that might contribute to autism. By studying siblings with autism, the authors teased out four regions of the human genome—on chromosomes 6, 15, 17 and 20—where rare variants in yet unidentified genes appear to contribute to autism susceptibility. Additionally, after examining the patterns of genetic similarities and differences in unrelated people with autism, the researchers discovered a common variation near only one gene, semaphorin 5A.

That only one common variant came out of this large sample study indicates that “there probably are many more that contribute to autism, but none have large effects,” said Dan Arking, assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins’ McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. “Alternatively, there may be numerous rare gene variant–containing genes.” Identifying these will require even larger collaborative studies that are currently under way, he said.

The identification of semaphorin 5A and seven additional likely—but not yet proven—genes involved in nervous system development, cell structure and other cell functions was possible only through an extensive collaborative effort that included inpatient samples from the Autism Consortium in Montreal, the Autism Genome Project and additional samples from Finland and Iran.

“These discoveries are an important step forward but just one of many that are needed to fully dissect the complex genetics of this disorder,” said Mark Daly, a senior associate member at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and an associate professor at the Center for Human Genetic Research at Massachusetts General Hospital. “The genomic regions we’ve identified help shed additional light on the biology of autism and point to areas that should be prioritized for further study.”

The research at Johns Hopkins was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Simons Foundation.

Authors of the paper are Daly; Lauren Weiss, also of Massachusetts General Hospital; Chakravarti; and Arking, through a collaboration called the Gene Discovery Project of Johns Hopkins and the Autism Consortium.

Related Web sites

McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at

Johns Hopkins:

www.hopkinsmedicine.org/

geneticmedicine

‘Nature’:

www.nature.com/nature/index

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Broad Institute:

www.broadinstitute.org