May 21, 2012
Study: Nanodevices open door to treatment of cerebral palsy
A team of scientists from Johns Hopkins and elsewhere have developed nanodevices that successfully cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver a drug that tames brain-damaging inflammation in rabbits with cerebral palsy.
A report on the experiments, conducted at Wayne State University in collaboration with the Perinatology Research Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, before the lead and senior investigators moved to Johns Hopkins, is published in the April 18 issue of Science Translational Medicine.
For the study, researchers used tiny man-made molecules laced with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or NAC, an anti-inflammatory drug used as an antidote in acetaminophen poisoning. The researchers precision-targeted brain cells gone awry to halt brain injury. In doing so, they improved the animals’ neurologic function and motor skills.
The new approach holds therapeutic potential for a wide variety of neurologic disorders in humans that stem from neuro-inflammation, including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, autism and multiple sclerosis, the investigators say.
The scientists caution that the findings are a long way from human application, but say that the simplicity and versatility of the drug-delivery system make it an ideal candidate for translation into clinical use.
“In crossing the blood-brain barrier and targeting the cells responsible for inflammation and brain injury, we believe we may have opened the door to new therapies for a wide variety of neurologic disorders that stem from an inflammatory response gone haywire,” said lead investigator Sujatha Kannan, now a pediatric critical-care specialist at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.
Cerebral palsy, estimated to occur in three out of 1,000 newborns, is a lifelong, often devastating disorder caused by infection or reduced oxygen to the brain before, during or immediately after birth. Current therapies focus on assuaging symptoms and improving quality of life but can neither reduce nor reverse neurologic damage and loss of motor function.
Neuro-inflammatory damage occurs when two types of brain cells called microglia and astrocytes, normally deployed to protect the brain during infection and inflammation, actually damage the brain by going into overdrive and destroying healthy brain cells along with damaged ones.
Directly treating cells in the brain has long proven difficult because of the biological and physiological systems that have evolved to protect the brain from blood-borne infections. The quest to deliver the drug to the brain also involved developing a technique to get past the blood-brain barrier, spare healthy brain cells and deliver the anti-inflammatory drug exclusively inside the rogue cells.
To do all this, the scientists used a globular, treelike synthetic molecule known as a dendrimer. Its size—2,000 times smaller than a red blood cell—renders it fit for travel across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the dendrimer’s treelike structure allowed scientists to attach to it molecules of an anti-inflammatory NAC. The researchers tagged the drug-laced dendrimers with fluorescent tracers to monitor their journey to the brain and injected them, six hours after birth, into rabbits with cerebral palsy. Another group of newborn rabbits received an injection of NAC only.
Not only did the drug-loaded dendrimers make their way inside the brain but once there were rapidly swallowed by the overactive astrocytes and microglia. “These rampant inflammatory cells, in effect, gobbled up their own poison,” Kannan said.
Senior investigator Rangaramanujam Kannan, of the Center for Nanomedicine at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, said, “The dendrimers not only successfully crossed the blood-brain barrier but, perhaps more importantly, zeroed in on the very cells responsible for neuro-inflammation, releasing the therapeutic drug directly into them.”
Animals treated with dendrimer-borne NAC showed marked improvement in motor control and coordination within five days after birth, nearly reaching the motor skill of healthy rabbits. By comparison, rabbits treated with dendrimer-free NAC showed minimal, if any, improvement, even at doses 10 times higher than the dendrimer-borne version. Animals treated with the dendrimer-delivered drug also showed better muscle tone and less stiffness in the hind leg muscles, both hallmarks of cerebral palsy.
Brain tissue analysis revealed that rabbits treated with dendrimer-borne NAC had notably fewer “bad” microglia—the inflammatory cells responsible for brain damage—as well as markedly lower levels of other inflammation markers. They also had better preserved myelin, the protein that sheathes nerves and is stripped or damaged in cerebral palsy and other neurologic disorders. And even though cerebral palsy is marked by neuron death in certain brain centers, animals that received dendrimer-borne NAC had higher numbers of neurons in the brain regions responsible for coordination and motor control, compared with untreated animals and those treated with NAC only.
The findings suggest that the treatment not only reduces inflammation in the cells but may also prevent cell damage and cell death, the researchers said. The Kannans, who are married, say that they plan to follow some treated animals into adulthood to ensure the improvements are not temporary.
A separate study, led by Rangaramanujam Kannan, has already demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of this approach in reversing retinal damage in rats with macular degeneration, the vision-robbing eye disorder that affects millions of older adults.
Other investigators involved in the re-search were Hui Dai, Raghavendra Navath, Bindu Balakrishnan, Amar Jyoti, James Janisse and Roberto Romero. Jyoti and Balakrishnan are now at Johns Hopkins and part of the ongoing research.
The study was funded by the Perinatology Research Branch of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Related websites
‘Science Translational
Medicine’:
stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/130/130ra46
Sujatha Kannan:
hopkinschildrens.org/Sujatha-Kannan-MD.aspx