March 14, 2011
Scientists reveal role of light sensor in temperature sensation
A light-sensing receptor that’s packed inside the eye’s photoreceptor cells has an altogether surprising role in cells elsewhere in the body, Johns Hopkins scientists have discovered. Using fruit flies, they showed that this protein, called rhodopsin, also is critical for sensing temperature.
A report on the work appeared March 11 in Science.
“For decades, this well-known molecule—one of the most-studied sensory receptors—was thought to function exclusively in the eye as a light receptor, but now we have found that fly larvae and possibly other organisms use it to distinguish between slight temperature differences,” said Craig Montell, a professor of biological chemistry in the School of Medicine and a member of the Center for Sensory Biology in its Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences. “And it makes you wonder about what was the more ancient role for rhodopsin: Was it used originally for light or temperature detection?”
The Johns Hopkins team identified rhodopsin while investigating the process that results in the activation of a temperature-sensor protein known as a TRPA1, one of many so-called “trip” channels abundant on sensory cells that receive communication from the outside world. Montell discovered earlier that TRPA1 enables fly larvae to detect tiny changes in the range of temperature that’s optimal for their survival. However, unlike TRP channels that function in avoiding hot and cold temperatures, TRPA1 was not directly turned on by changes in temperature in the comfortable temperature range, which extends from 18 to 24 degrees Celsius (equivalent to about 64 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit).
The team set out to determine what receptor responds to the temperature in order to set off the signaling cascade that results in TRPA1 activation.
A reasonable place to start looking for likely suspects, Montell says, was the large family of G-protein coupled receptors, because they are cell-surface molecules known to activate TRP channels. Still, the researchers were faced with more than a hundred possible gene candidates, each coding for a different G-protein coupled receptor in flies. If it was a GPCR, then which one?
“There were no precedents for a GPCR functioning in thermosensation, leaving us wondering where to start,” Montell said. “We considered rhodopsin, even though it was thought to be required exclusively for light reception, because some of the other proteins that we showed previously to function in thermosensation were required in photoreceptor cells.”
Using larvae missing the gene that codes for rhodopsin, the team conducted a series of tests to compare their behaviors with normal (wild-type) animals. The researchers released about 75 larvae on a plate with two temperature zones; half of the plate was kept at the larvae’s favorite temperature of 18 C, and the other at an alternative temperature, ranging from 14 to 32 C. After 10 minutes, the researchers counted the number of larvae that had crawled to the 18-degree side and the number on the side with the alternative temperature. They discovered that in contrast to the wild-type larvae, which preferred 18 degrees over any other temperature, the larvae lacking rhodopsin couldn’t discriminate temperatures in the comfortable range, just like the larvae lacking TRPA1. However, the rhodopsin mutant larvae were able to choose 18 degrees over temperatures that were too hot or cold.
“The genetics and the behavior show that rhodopsin is required for thermosensation,” Montell said. “Larvae that contain mutations disrupting rhodopsin are profoundly defective in their ability to sense temperatures, but only in the comfortable range. The simplest interpretation of these results is that rhodopsin is activated by temperature and this, in turn, activates TRPA1. However, we cannot exclude that there is an additional accessory protein required for rhodopsin to act as a thermosensor.”
This rhodopsin that functioned in “feeling” temperature was required in a new type of thermosensory neuron in the body wall of fruit fly larvae as well as in neurons in the head region of the animals.
Montell says that this new thermosensing role for rhodopsin has absolutely nothing to do with light. Wild-type fly larvae kept in a dark box were able to choose the preferred 18 C over 24 C.
The indirect activation of the TRPA1 channel via a signaling cascade that requires rhodopsin most likely represents “a quality of life issue” for the larvae, Montell muses. It allows them to give up avoiding temperatures that are slightly less preferred than 18 degrees and to adapt if they can’t find their favorite temperature in their thermal landscape. Direct activation of TRP channels by noxious temperatures is more about survival.
The research was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
In addition to Montell, authors are Wei L. Shen, Young Kwo and Junjie Luo, all of Johns Hopkins; and Abidemi A. Adegbola and Andres Chess, both of Harvard Medical School.